Descriptions and Examples for the POV-Ray Raytracer by Friedrich A. Lohmüller
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    3D Animations with POV-Ray
        Some basics and examples on animations.
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  3D Animation Tutorial
   Index of Content
  0. Basic Knowledge
     1. Basic Example
     2. Example 2
     3. Images to Animated Gif
     4. From Images to Video
     5. Basic Terms
     6. Animation Commands  
  I. Cyclic Animations
     1. Rotating Objects
     1.2. Planets in Orbit
     1.3. Clock Animation
     2. Rotating Camera
     2.1. Straight Moving Camera
     3. Western Wheel
         Problem
     3.1. Rolling Wheels
     4. Gears
     4.1. Roller Chain
     4.2. Bike Chain
     5. Swinging Pendulum
     5.1. Newton's Cradle
     5.2: Rock the Rocker
     6. Spiral Pendulum
     7. Coupling Rods
     7.1. Connecting Rods
     8. Psychedelic + Op-Art
     9. Counters + Countdowns
    10. Folding of a Cube
  II. Non-linear Movements
     1.0 Speed Up/Slow Down 1
     1.1 Speed Up/Slow Down 2
     2. Fall + Bounce
     3. Acceleration by
          physical Formulas
     4. Speed Controll by
          Spline Functions
  III. Animation Paths
      with Spline Curves
     1. Spline Curves
  > 2. Closed Splines
     3. Animation Paths
                                                       

Closed Spline Curves
For the animation of cyclic repeating non-linear motions.

           

Animation paths with spline curves: As a camera path or as a flight path of animated objects we i.e. can use a closed spline curve.
#declare P1 = <-2.00, 0.20, -2.00>;
#declare P2 = < 1.00, 0.20, -2.00>;
#declare P3 = < 2.00, 0.70, -1.00>;
#declare P4 = < 2.00, 1.20,  2.00>;
#declare P5 = < 0.00, 0.20,  2.00>;
#declare P6 = <-2.00, 3.20,  1.50>;
#declare P7 = <-2.00, 0.70, -1.00>;
#declare P8 = <-2.00, 0.00, -2.00>;

#declare Spline_1 =
  spline {
    natural_spline
   -0.250, P7, // control point
    0.000, P1, // starting point
    0.125, P2,
    0.250, P3,
    0.420, P4,
    0.490, P5,
    0.780, P6,
    0.900, P7,
    1.000, P1, // end point
    1.125, P2  // control point
  }// end of spline ---------------

closed spline curve
Complete scene description for POV-Ray:
"spline00.pov"

Closed Spline Curves:
We'll get a perfectly closed spline curve under the following conditions:
The end point is the same as the starting point.
The control point before the beginning is the point before the end point.
The control point at the end is the point behind the starting point.
The distances of the time values at the control point must also fit to those of their according points.

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© Friedrich A. Lohmüller, 2016
www.f-lohmueller.de