Mathematical Functions in POV-Ray

abs(X) = absolute value of X.
pow(X,Y) = exponentiation: X raised to the power Y
sqrt(X) = square root of X
 
int(X) = integer part of X
mod(X,Y)   = X modulo Y =((X/Y)-int(X/Y))*Y
div(X,Y) = integer part of (X/Y)
max(X,Y,...) = maximum of two or more float values
min(X,Y,...) = minimum of two or more float values
ceil(A) smallest integer value above A
floor(A) biggest integer value below A
select(A, B, C) If (A < 0) = B, if (A >= 0) = C.
select(A, B, C ,D)
      If (A < 0) = B, if (A = 0) = C, and if (A > 0) = D.
 
degrees(X) = converts radians to degrees.
radians(X) = converts degrees to radians = X*pi/180.0.
 
(In the following: all arguments X are in radians!)
sin(X) = sine of X
cos(X) = cosine of X
tan(X) = tangent of X
 
(In the following: the results are angles in radians!)
asin(X) = arc-sine of X
acos(X) = arc-cosine of X
atan2(X,Y) = arc-tangent of (X/Y)
 
sinh(X) = hyperbolic sine of X
cosh(X) = hyperbolic cosine of X
tanh(X) = hyperbolic tangent of X
 
asinh(X) = invers hyperbolic sine of X
acosh(X) = inverse hyperbolic cosine of X
atanh(X) = invers hyperbolic tangent of X
 
exp(X) = exponential of X.
log(X) = logarithm of X
ln(X)  = natural logarithm of X